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</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">PA-RISC (HP/PA)</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Designer</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Hewlett-Packard" title="Hewlett-Packard">Hewlett-Packard</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Bits</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="64-bit" class="mw-redirect" title="64-bit">64-bit</a> (32→64)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Introduced</th><td class="infobox-data">1986 (1996 PA-RISC 2.0)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Version</th><td class="infobox-data">2.0 (1996)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Computer_architecture" title="Computer architecture">Design</a></th><td class="infobox-data">RISC</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Instruction_set" class="mw-redirect" title="Instruction set">Encoding</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Fixed</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Branch_(computer_science)" title="Branch (computer science)">Branching</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Compare and branch</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Endianness" title="Endianness">Endianness</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Big</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Extensions</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Multimedia_Acceleration_eXtensions" title="Multimedia Acceleration eXtensions">Multimedia Acceleration eXtensions</a> (MAX), MAX-2</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Open</th><td class="infobox-data">No</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data">PA-WideWord → <a href="Itanium" title="Itanium">Itanium</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="Processor_register" title="Processor register">Registers</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="General-purpose_register" class="mw-redirect" title="General-purpose register">General-purpose</a></th><td class="infobox-data">32</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Floating_point" class="mw-redirect" title="Floating point">Floating point</a></th><td class="infobox-data">32 64-bit (16 64-bit in PA-RISC 1.0)</td></tr></tbody></table>

<p><b>Precision Architecture <a href="Reduced_instruction_set_computer" title="Reduced instruction set computer">RISC</a></b> (<b>PA-RISC</b>) or <b>Hewlett Packard Precision Architecture</b> (<b>HP/PA</b> or simply <b>HPPA</b>), is a <a href="Computer" title="Computer">general purpose computer</a> <a href="Instruction_set_architecture" title="Instruction set architecture">instruction set architecture</a> (ISA) developed by <a href="Hewlett-Packard" title="Hewlett-Packard">Hewlett-Packard</a> from the 1980s until the 2000s.

</p><p>The architecture was introduced on 26 February 1986, when the <a href="HP_3000" title="HP 3000">HP 3000 Series 930</a> and <a href="HP_9000" title="HP 9000">HP 9000 Model 840</a> computers were launched featuring the first implementation, the TS1.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> HP stopped selling PA-RISC-based HP 9000 systems at the end of 2008 but supported servers running PA-RISC chips until 2013.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> PA-RISC was succeeded by the <a href="Itanium" title="Itanium">Itanium</a> (originally IA-64) ISA, jointly developed by HP and <a href="Intel" title="Intel">Intel</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div>

<p>In the late 1980s, HP was building four series of computers, all based on <a href="Complex_instruction_set_computer" title="Complex instruction set computer">CISC</a> CPUs. One line was the <a href="IBM_PC_compatible" title="IBM PC compatible">IBM PC compatible</a> Intel <a href="I286" class="mw-redirect" title="I286">i286</a>-based Vectra Series, started in 1986. All others were non-<a href="Intel" title="Intel">Intel</a> systems. One of them was the HP Series 300 of <a href="Motorola_68000" title="Motorola 68000">Motorola 68000</a>-based <a href="Workstation" title="Workstation">workstations</a>, another Series 200 line of technical workstations based on a custom <a href="Silicon_on_sapphire" title="Silicon on sapphire">silicon on sapphire</a> (SOS) chip design, the SOS based 16-bit <a href="HP_3000" title="HP 3000">HP 3000</a> classic series, and finally the HP 9000 Series 500 <a href="Minicomputer" title="Minicomputer">minicomputers</a>, based on their own (16- and 32-bit) <a href="HP_FOCUS" title="HP FOCUS">FOCUS</a> microprocessor.

</p><p>The Precision Architecture is the result of what was known inside Hewlett-Packard as the <b>Spectrum</b> program.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> HP planned to use Spectrum to move all of their non-PC compatible machines to a single RISC CPU family.

</p><p>In early 1982, work on the Precision Architecture began at HP Laboratories, defining the instruction set and virtual memory system. Development of the first <a href="Transistor%E2%80%93transistor_logic" title="Transistor–transistor logic">TTL</a> implementation started in April 1983. With simulation of the processor having completed in 1983, a final processor design was delivered to software developers in July 1984. Systems prototyping followed, with "lab prototypes" being produced in 1985 and product prototypes in 1986.<sup id="cite_ref-fotland198703_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fotland198703-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The first processors were introduced in products during 1986, with the first HP 9000 Series 840 units shipping in November of that year.<sup id="cite_ref-fotland198703_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fotland198703-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 6">: 6 </span></sup> They were also used in a new series of <a href="HP_3000" title="HP 3000">HP 3000</a> machines in the late 1980s: the 930 and 950, commonly known at the time as Spectrum systems, the name given to them in the development labs. These machines ran <a href="HP_Multi-Programming_Executive" title="HP Multi-Programming Executive">MPE-XL</a>, whereas <a href="HP_9000" title="HP 9000">HP 9000</a> machines employing the PA-RISC processor ran the <a href="HP-UX" title="HP-UX">HP-UX</a> version of <a href="Unix" title="Unix">Unix</a>. The first implementation of the Precision Architecture was the TS1, a central processing unit built from discrete <a href="Transistor%E2%80%93transistor_logic" title="Transistor–transistor logic">transistor–transistor logic</a> (<a href="74F_TTL" class="mw-redirect" title="74F TTL">74F TTL</a>) devices. Later implementations were multi-chip VLSI designs fabricated in NMOS processes (NS1 and NS2) and CMOS (CS1 and PCX),<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> beginning with the HP 3000 Series 950, HP 9000 Model 850S and HP 9000 Model 825, introduced in late 1987.<sup id="cite_ref-hpjournal198709_vlsi_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hpjournal198709_vlsi-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The HP Precision Architecture has thirty-two 32-bit integer registers, sixteen 64-bit floating-point registers, and has a single <a href="Branch_delay_slot" class="mw-redirect" title="Branch delay slot">branch delay slot</a>. This means that the instruction immediately following a branch instruction is executed before the program's control flow is transferred to the target instruction of the branch.<sup id="cite_ref-hpjournal198608_processor_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hpjournal198608_processor-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 10">: 10 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An HP Precision processor also includes a Processor Status Word (PSW) register. The PSW register contains various flags that enable virtual addressing, protection, <a href="Interrupt" title="Interrupt">interruptions</a>, and other status information.<sup id="cite_ref-hpjournal198608_processor_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hpjournal198608_processor-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 6">: 6 </span></sup> The number of floating-point registers was doubled in the 1.1 version to 32 once it became apparent that 16 were inadequate and restricted performance. The architects included Allen Baum, Hans Jeans, Michael J. Mahon, <a href="Ruby_B._Lee" title="Ruby B. Lee">Ruby Bei-Loh Lee</a>, Russel Kao, <a href="Steve_Muchnick" class="mw-redirect" title="Steve Muchnick">Steve Muchnick</a>, Terrence C. Miller, David Fotland, and William S. Worley.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Other operating systems ported to the PA-RISC architecture include <a href="Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a>, <a href="OpenBSD" title="OpenBSD">OpenBSD</a>, <a href="NetBSD" title="NetBSD">NetBSD</a>, <a href="OSF/1" title="OSF/1">OSF/1</a>, <a href="NeXTSTEP" title="NeXTSTEP">NeXTSTEP</a>, and <a href="ChorusOS" title="ChorusOS">ChorusOS</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>An interesting aspect of the PA-RISC line is that most of its generations have no level 2 <a href="CPU_cache" title="CPU cache">cache</a>. Instead large level 1 caches are used, initially as separate chips connected by a bus, and later integrated on-chip. Only the PA-7100LC and PA-7300LC have L2 caches. Another innovation of the PA-RISC is the addition of vector instructions (<a href="Single_instruction%2C_multiple_data" title="Single instruction, multiple data">SIMD</a>) in the form of <a href="Multimedia_Acceleration_eXtensions" title="Multimedia Acceleration eXtensions">MAX</a>, which were first introduced on the PA-7100LC.

</p><p><b>Precision RISC Organization</b>, an industry group led by HP, was founded in 1992, to promote the PA-RISC architecture. Members included <a href="Convex_Computer" title="Convex Computer">Convex</a>, <a href="Hitachi" title="Hitachi">Hitachi</a>, <a href="Hughes_Aircraft_Company" title="Hughes Aircraft Company">Hughes Aircraft</a>, <a href="Mitsubishi_Electric" title="Mitsubishi Electric">Mitsubishi</a>, <a href="NEC" title="NEC">NEC</a>, <a href="Oki_Electric_Industry" title="Oki Electric Industry">OKI</a>, <a href="Prime_Computer" title="Prime Computer">Prime</a>, <a href="Stratus_Technologies" title="Stratus Technologies">Stratus</a>, <a href="Yokogawa_Electric" title="Yokogawa Electric">Yokogawa</a>, Red Brick Software, and Allegro Consultants, Inc.

</p><p>The ISA was extended in 1996 to 64 bits, with this revision named PA-RISC 2.0. PA-RISC 2.0 also added <a href="Fused_multiply%E2%80%93add" class="mw-redirect" title="Fused multiply–add">fused multiply–add</a> instructions, which help certain floating-point intensive algorithms, and the <a href="Multimedia_Acceleration_eXtensions" title="Multimedia Acceleration eXtensions">MAX-2</a> SIMD extension, which provides instructions for accelerating multimedia applications. The first PA-RISC 2.0 implementation was the <a href="PA-8000" title="PA-8000">PA-8000</a>, which was introduced in January 1996.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="CPU_specifications">CPU specifications</h2></div>

<th>Image</th>

<th>Model</th>

<th>Marketing<br>name</th>

<th>Frequency<br>[MHz]</th>

<th>Memory Bus<br>[MB/s]</th>

<th>Process<br>[μm]</th>

<th>Transistors<br>[millions]</th>

<th>Power<br>[W]</th>

<th>Dcache<br>[KB]</th>

<th>Icache<br>[KB]</th>

<th>L2 cache<br>[MB]</th>

<th>Notes

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<td><sup id="cite_ref-cpu-early_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cpu-early-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unified L1 cache

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<td>Shortfin</td>

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</td></tr></tbody></table>

<ul><li><a href="Amiga_Hombre_chipset" title="Amiga Hombre chipset">Amiga Hombre chipset</a> – A PA-7150-based chipset with a complete multimedia system for <a href="Commodore_International" title="Commodore International">Commodore</a> <a href="Amiga" title="Amiga">Amiga</a></li>

<li>Other third-party PA-RISC chips were built by <a href="Hitachi" title="Hitachi">Hitachi</a>, <a href="Oki_Electric_Industry" title="Oki Electric Industry">Oki</a>, and <a href="Winbond" title="Winbond">Winbond</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li><a href="ARM_architecture_family" title="ARM architecture family">ARM architecture family</a> - Competing mid 1980s RISC ISA</li>

<li><a href="SPARC" title="SPARC">SPARC</a> - Competing mid 1980s RISC ISA</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20020207061639/https://www.hpl.hp.com/news/2001/apr-jun/itanium.html">"Inventing Itanium: How HP Labs helped create the next-generation chip architecture"</a>. <i>HP Labs</i>. 1 June 2001. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hpl.hp.com/news/2001/apr-jun/itanium.html">the original</a> on 7 February 2002<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"One Year Ago". (26 February 1987). <i>Computer Business Review</i>.</span>

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<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFRosenbladt1987" class="citation journal cs1">Rosenbladt, Peter (September 1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hpl.hp.com/hpjournal/pdfs/IssuePDFs/1987-09.pdf">"In this Issue"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Hewlett-Packard Journal</i>. <b>38</b> (9): 3. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190426201814/https://www.hpl.hp.com/hpjournal/pdfs/IssuePDFs/1987-09.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 26 April 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 June</span> 2018</span>. <q>... In the March 1987 issue we described the HP 3000 Series 930 and HP 9000 Model 840 Computers, which were HP's first realizations of HP Precision Architecture in off-the-shelf TTL technology. ...</q></cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120219181247/http://www.hp.com/products1/evolution/9000/faqs.html#2">"How long will HP continue to support HP 9000 systems?"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hp.com/products1/evolution/9000/faqs.html#2">the original</a> on 19 February 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 February</span> 2008</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.informationweek.com/story/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=164302278">"HP Completes Its PA-RISC Road Map With Final Processor Upgrade"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080213092224/http://www.informationweek.com/story/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=164302278">Archived</a> from the original on 13 February 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 July</span> 2007</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFWorley1986" class="citation journal cs1">Worley, William S. (August 1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hpl.hp.com/hpjournal/pdfs/IssuePDFs/1986-08.pdf">"Hewlett-Packard Precision Architecture: The Processor"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Hewlett-Packard Journal</i>. <b>37</b> (8): <span class="nowrap">4–</span>22. <q>The HP Precision Architecture development program, known within HP as the Spectrum program, ...</q></cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-fotland198703-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-fotland198703_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fotland198703_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFFotlandSheltonBrygLa_Fetra1987" class="citation journal cs1">Fotland, David A.; Shelton, John F.; Bryg, William R.; La Fetra, Ross V.; Boschma, Simin I.; Yeh, Allan S.; Jacobs, Edward M. (March 1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/Hewlett-Packard_Journal_Vol._38_No._3_1987-03_Hewlett-Packard/page/n3/mode/2up">"Hardware Design of the First HP Precision Architecture Computers"</a>. <i>Hewlett-Packard Journal</i>. <b>38</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">4–</span>17<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Paul Weissmann. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.openpa.net/systems/hp_early-systems.html">"Early PA-RISC Systems"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141002195056/http://www.openpa.net/systems/hp_early-systems.html">Archived</a> 2 October 2014 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-hpjournal198709_vlsi-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hpjournal198709_vlsi_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFGassmanSchremppGoundanChin1987" class="citation journal cs1">Gassman, Gerald R.; Schrempp, Michael W.; Goundan, Ayee; Chin, Richard; Odineal, Robert D.; Jones, Marlin (September 1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/Hewlett-Packard_Journal_Vol._38_No._9_1987-09_Hewlett-Packard/page/n37/mode/2up">"VLSI-Based High-Performance HP Precision Architecture Computers"</a>. <i>Hewlett-Packard Journal</i>: <span class="nowrap">38–</span>48<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 May</span> 2025</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-hpjournal198608_processor-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hpjournal198608_processor_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hpjournal198608_processor_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFMahonBei-Loh_LeeMillerHuck1986" class="citation journal cs1">Mahon, Michael J.; Bei-Loh Lee, Ruby; Miller, Terrence C.; Huck, Jerome C.; Bryg, William R. (August 1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231202165622/https://www.hpl.hp.com/hpjournal/pdfs/IssuePDFs/1986-08.pdf">"Hewlett-Packard Precision Architecture: The Processor"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Hewlett-Packard Journal</i>. Archived from the original on 2 December 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{cite journal}}</code>: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)</span></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFDeRosaLevy1987" class="citation conference cs1">DeRosa, John A.; Levy, Henry M. (1987). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/30350.30352">"An Evaluation of Branch Architectures"</a></span>. <i>Proceedings of the 14th annual international symposium on Computer architecture</i>. pp. <span class="nowrap">10–</span>16. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F30350.30352">10.1145/30350.30352</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-8186-0776-9</bdi><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Smotherman, Mark (2 July 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cs.clemson.edu/~mark/architects.html"><i>Recent Processor Architects</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120910143451/http://www.cs.clemson.edu/~mark/architects.html">Archived</a> 10 September 2012 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFWalpoleHakansonInouyeKonuru1992" class="citation report cs1">Walpole, Jonathan; Hakanson, Marion; Inouye, Jon; Konuru, Ravi (January 1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1059&context=compsci_fac">Porting Chorus to the PA-RISC: Project Overview</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (Report). Oregon Graduate Institute Of Science And Technology. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230612184225/https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1059&context=compsci_fac">Archived</a> from the original on 12 June 2023.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-cpu-early-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cpu-early_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cpu-early_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cpu-early_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.openpa.net/pa-risc_processor_pa-early.html">"PA-RISC Processors"</a></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFISSCC1987" class="citation book cs1">Marston, A.; et al. (1987). "A 32b CMOS single-chip RISC type processor". <i>1987 IEEE International Solid-State Circuits Conference. Digest of Technical Papers</i>. pp. <span class="nowrap">28–</span>29. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FISSCC.1987.1157145">10.1109/ISSCC.1987.1157145</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:61007482">61007482</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFYetter1987" class="citation book cs1">Yetter, J.; et al. (1987). "A 15 MIPS 32b Microprocessor". <i><a href="#CITEREFISSCC1987">ISSCC 1987</a></i>. pp. <span class="nowrap">26–</span>27. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FISSCC.1987.1157220">10.1109/ISSCC.1987.1157220</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:58782915">58782915</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFBoschma1989" class="citation book cs1">Boschma, Brian D.; et al. (1989). "A 30 MIPS VLSI CPU". <i>IEEE International Solid-State Circuits Conference, 1989 ISSCC. Digest of Technical Papers</i>. pp. <span class="nowrap">82–</span>83, 299. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FISSCC.1989.48191">10.1109/ISSCC.1989.48191</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:53932361">53932361</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-l1000-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-l1000_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-l1000_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.openpa.net/systems/hp_l1000_l2000-rp5400_rp5450.html">"HP L1000 & L2000 (rp5400/rp5450) Servers"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180102194235/https://www.openpa.net/systems/hp_l1000_l2000-rp5400_rp5450.html">Archived</a> 2 January 2018 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i>openpa.net</i></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.openpa.net/pa-risc_processor_other.html">"Third-Party PA-RISC Processors from Hitachi, Winbond, OKI – OpenPA.net"</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150720041117/http://www.lostcircuits.com/mambo/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=42&Itemid=42">LostCircuits</a> Hewlett Packard PA8800 RISC Processor overview</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150421181801/http://h21007.www2.hp.com/portal/site/dspp/menuitem.1b39e60a9475acc915b49c108973a801?chid=6dc55e210a66a010VgnVCM100000275d6e10RCRD">HP's documentation</a> – page down for PA-RISC, architecture PDFs available</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.openpa.net/">OpenPA.net</a> Comprehensive PA-RISC chip and computer information</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chipdb.org/cat-pa-risc-592.htm">chipdb.org</a> Images of different PA-RISC processors</li></ul>

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</style><div id="Reduced_instruction_set_computer_(RISC)_architectures114" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Reduced_instruction_set_computer" title="Reduced instruction set computer">Reduced instruction set computer</a> (RISC) architectures</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Origins</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Berkeley_RISC" title="Berkeley RISC">Berkeley RISC</a></li>

<li><a href="Stanford_MIPS" title="Stanford MIPS">Stanford MIPS</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Development<br>active</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Blackfin" title="Blackfin">Analog Devices Blackfin</a></li>

<li><a href="LatticeMico8" title="LatticeMico8">LatticeMico8</a>, <a href="LatticeMico32" title="LatticeMico32">LatticeMico32</a></li>

<li><a href="OpenRISC" title="OpenRISC">OpenRISC</a></li>

<li><a href="Power_ISA" title="Power ISA">Power ISA</a></li>

<li><a href="Renesas_Electronics" title="Renesas Electronics">Renesas</a> <a href="M32R" title="M32R">M32R</a>, <a href="SuperH" title="SuperH">SuperH</a>, <a href="V850" title="V850">V850</a></li>

<li><a href="SPARC" title="SPARC">SPARC</a></li>

<li><a href="Sunway_(processor)" title="Sunway (processor)">Sunway</a></li>

<li><a href="Unicore" title="Unicore">Unicore</a></li>

<li><a href="Xilinx" title="Xilinx">Xilinx</a> <a href="MicroBlaze" title="MicroBlaze">MicroBlaze</a>, <a href="PicoBlaze" title="PicoBlaze">PicoBlaze</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Development<br>discontinued</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="DEC_Alpha" title="DEC Alpha">Alpha</a></li>

<li><a href="Apollo_PRISM" title="Apollo PRISM">Apollo PRISM</a></li>

<li><a href="Atmel" title="Atmel">Atmel</a> <a href="AVR32" title="AVR32">AVR32</a></li>

<li><a href="Clipper_architecture" title="Clipper architecture">Clipper</a></li>

<li><a href="AT%26T_Hobbit" title="AT&T Hobbit">CRISP</a></li>

<li><a href="DEC_PRISM" title="DEC PRISM">DEC PRISM</a></li>

<li><a href="Intel_i860" title="Intel i860">Intel i860</a>, <a href="Intel_i960" title="Intel i960">i960</a></li>

<li><a href="Motorola_88000" title="Motorola 88000">Motorola 88000</a>, <a href="M%C2%B7CORE" title="M·CORE">M·CORE</a></li>

<li><a href="IBM_POWER_architecture" title="IBM POWER architecture">POWER</a>, <a href="PowerPC" title="PowerPC">PowerPC</a> <i>(active use in space exploration as <a href="RAD750" title="RAD750">RAD750</a>)</i>, <a href="IBM_ROMP" title="IBM ROMP">ROMP</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Hewlett-Packard1228" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div id="Hewlett-Packard1228" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Hewlett-Packard" title="Hewlett-Packard">Hewlett-Packard</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>

<ul><li>Split into <a href="HP_Inc." title="HP Inc.">HP Inc.</a> and <a href="Hewlett_Packard_Enterprise" title="Hewlett Packard Enterprise">Hewlett Packard Enterprise</a> in 2015</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="List_of_Hewlett-Packard_products" title="List of Hewlett-Packard products">Products</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Personal computers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="List_of_HP_business_desktops" title="List of HP business desktops">Desktops</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="HP_Blackbird_002" title="HP Blackbird 002">Blackbird 002</a></li>

<li><a href="Compaq" title="Compaq">Compaq series</a>

<li><a href="HP_Compaq" class="mw-redirect" title="HP Compaq">HP Compaq</a></li>

<li><a href="Compaq_Presario" title="Compaq Presario">Presario</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="List_of_HP_business_desktops" title="List of HP business desktops">EliteDesk</a></li>

<li><a href="HP_Pavilion" title="HP Pavilion">Pavilion</a>*</li>

<li><a href="List_of_HP_business_desktops" title="List of HP business desktops">ProDesk</a></li>

<li><a href="HP_Spectre" title="HP Spectre">Spectre</a></li>

<li><a href="HP_Sprout" title="HP Sprout">Sprout</a></li>

<li><a href="HP_Stream" class="mw-redirect" title="HP Stream">Stream</a></li>

<li><a href="HP_TouchSmart" title="HP TouchSmart">TouchSmart</a></li>

<li><a href="HP_Vectra" title="HP Vectra">Vectra</a></li>

<li><a href="VoodooPC" title="VoodooPC">VoodooPC</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Laptops</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Compaq" title="Compaq">Compaq series</a>

<li><a href="HP_Compaq" class="mw-redirect" title="HP Compaq">HP Compaq</a></li>

<li><a href="Compaq_Presario" title="Compaq Presario">Presario</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="HP_EliteBook" title="HP EliteBook">EliteBook</a>*</li>

<li><a href="HP_Essential" title="HP Essential">Essential</a>*</li>

<li><a href="HP_ProBook" title="HP ProBook">ProBook</a>*</li>

<li><a href="HP_OmniBook" title="HP OmniBook">OmniBook</a>*</li>

<li><a href="HP_Pavilion" title="HP Pavilion">Pavilion</a>*

<li><a href="Voodoo_Envy" title="Voodoo Envy">Voodoo Envy</a></li>

<li><a href="HP_ZBook" title="HP ZBook">ZBook</a>*</li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Workstations and servers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="AlphaServer" title="AlphaServer">AlphaServer</a></li>

<li><a href="HP_Integral_PC" title="HP Integral PC">Integral PC</a></li>

<li><a href="HP_Flexible_Data_Center" title="HP Flexible Data Center">Flexible Data Center</a></li>

<li><a href="HP_Kayak" title="HP Kayak">Kayak</a></li>

<li><a href="HP_Media_Vault" title="HP Media Vault">Media Vault</a></li>

<li><a href="HP_MediaSmart_Server" title="HP MediaSmart Server">MediaSmart Server</a></li>

<li><a href="HP_NetServer" title="HP NetServer">NetServer</a></li>

<li><a href="NonStop_(server_computers)" title="NonStop (server computers)">NonStop</a></li>

<li><a href="HP_Performance_Optimized_Datacenter" title="HP Performance Optimized Datacenter">Performance Optimized Datacenter</a></li>

<li><a href="HP_X-Terminals" title="HP X-Terminals">X-Terminals</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mobile devices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Compaq" title="Compaq">Compaq series</a>

<li><a href="HP_calculators" title="HP calculators">Calculators</a>*</li>

<li><a href="HP_Jornada" title="HP Jornada">Jornada</a>

<li><a href="HP_Slate" title="HP Slate">Slate</a>

<li><a href="HP_Slate_500" title="HP Slate 500">Slate 500</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="HP_TouchPad" title="HP TouchPad">TouchPad</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Printing and imaging</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="HP_7470" title="HP 7470">7470 Graphics Plotter</a></li>

<li><a href="HP_DeskJet" title="HP DeskJet">DeskJet</a>*</li>

<li><a href="HP_Indigo_Division" title="HP Indigo Division">Indigo</a>*</li>

<li><a href="JetDirect" title="JetDirect">JetDirect</a></li>

<li><a href="HP_LaserJet" title="HP LaserJet">LaserJet</a>*

<li><a href="LightScribe" title="LightScribe">LightScribe</a></li>

<li><a href="HP_Photosmart" title="HP Photosmart">Photosmart</a>

<li><a href="HP_ScanJet" title="HP ScanJet">ScanJet</a>*</li>

<li><a href="Scitex_Vision" title="Scitex Vision">Scitex</a></li>

<li><a href="HP_TopShot" title="HP TopShot">TopShot</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Microprocessors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Capricorn_(microprocessor)" title="Capricorn (microprocessor)">Capricorn</a></li>

<li><a href="HP_FOCUS" title="HP FOCUS">FOCUS</a></li>

<li><a href="Itanium" title="Itanium">Itanium</a></li>

<li><a href="Hewlett-Packard_Nanoprocessor" title="Hewlett-Packard Nanoprocessor">Nanoprocessor</a></li>

<li>

<li><a href="HP_Saturn" title="HP Saturn">Saturn</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Computer buses</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="HP_Precision_Bus" title="HP Precision Bus">Precision</a></li>

<li><a href="Runway_bus" title="Runway bus">Runway</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other hardware</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="HP_200A" title="HP 200A">200A Audio Oscillator</a></li>

<li><a href="HP_7935" title="HP 7935">7935 Disc Drive</a></li>

<li><a href="Guardian_Service_Processor" title="Guardian Service Processor">Guardian Service Processor</a></li>

<li><a href="HPE_Integrated_Lights-Out" title="HPE Integrated Lights-Out">Integrated Lights-Out</a>**</li>

<li><a href="HP_Kittyhawk" title="HP Kittyhawk">Kittyhawk</a></li>

<li><a href="HP_Memory_Spot_chip" title="HP Memory Spot chip">Memory Spot</a></li>

<li><a href="NPartition" title="NPartition">nPartition</a>**</li>

<li><a href="ProCurve" title="ProCurve">ProCurve</a></li>

<li><a href="Visualize_EG" title="Visualize EG">Visualize EG</a></li>

<li><a href="HP_xb3000" title="HP xb3000">xb3000 Notebook Expansion Base</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Services</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="HP_ConvergedSystem" title="HP ConvergedSystem">ConvergedSystem</a></li>

<li><a href="HP_Cloud" title="HP Cloud">Cloud</a></li>

<li><a href="HP_CloudSystem" title="HP CloudSystem">CloudSystem</a>**</li>

<li><a href="HPE_Helion" title="HPE Helion">Helion</a>**</li>

<li><a href="MagCloud" title="MagCloud">MagCloud</a>†</li>

<li><a href="Speechbot" title="Speechbot">Speechbot</a></li>

<li><a href="HP_Utility_Data_Center" title="HP Utility Data Center">Utility Data Center</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="List_of_Hewlett-Packard_executive_leadership" title="List of Hewlett-Packard executive leadership">CEOs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Bill_Hewlett" title="Bill Hewlett">Bill Hewlett</a> and <a href="David_Packard" title="David Packard">David Packard</a> (co-founders)</li>

<li><a href="John_A._Young" title="John A. Young">John A. Young</a></li>

<li><a href="Lewis_E._Platt" title="Lewis E. Platt">Lewis E. Platt</a></li>

<li><a href="Carly_Fiorina" title="Carly Fiorina">Carly Fiorina</a></li>

<li><a href="L%C3%A9o_Apotheker" title="Léo Apotheker">Léo Apotheker</a></li>

<li><a href="Meg_Whitman" title="Meg Whitman">Meg Whitman</a> (final CEO)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="List_of_assets_owned_by_HP" title="List of assets owned by HP">Assets</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Ericsson_Hewlett_Packard_Telecom" title="Ericsson Hewlett Packard Telecom">Ericsson Hewlett Packard Telecom</a>†</li>

<li><a href="HP_Garage" title="HP Garage">HP Garage</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="List_of_acquisitions_by_Hewlett-Packard" title="List of acquisitions by Hewlett-Packard">Acquisitions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Apollo_Computer" title="Apollo Computer">Apollo Computer</a></li>

<li><a href="ArcSight" title="ArcSight">ArcSight</a>†</li>

<li><a href="Aruba_Networks" title="Aruba Networks">Aruba Networks</a>**</li>

<li><a href="Autonomy_Corporation" title="Autonomy Corporation">Autonomy</a>†</li>

<li><a href="Bristol_Technology" title="Bristol Technology">Bristol Technology</a></li>

<li><a href="Compaq" title="Compaq">Compaq</a></li>

<li><a href="Convex_Computer" title="Convex Computer">Convex Computer</a></li>

<li><a href="Colorado_Memory_Systems" title="Colorado Memory Systems">Colorado Memory Systems</a></li>

<li><a href="PathWave_Design" title="PathWave Design">EEsof</a>†</li>

<li><a href="Electronic_Data_Systems" title="Electronic Data Systems">Electronic Data Systems</a>†</li>

<li><a href="Exstream_Software" title="Exstream Software">Exstream Software</a>†</li>

<li><a href="Fortify_Software" title="Fortify Software">Fortify Software</a>†</li>

<li><a href="HP_Indigo_Division" title="HP Indigo Division">Indigo N.V.</a></li>

<li><a href="Knightsbridge_Solutions" title="Knightsbridge Solutions">Knightsbridge Solutions</a></li>

<li><a href="Neoware" title="Neoware">Neoware</a></li>

<li><a href="Opsware" title="Opsware">Opsware</a>†</li>

<li><a href="Mercury_Interactive" title="Mercury Interactive">Mercury Interactive</a>†</li>

<li><a href="Peregrine_Systems" title="Peregrine Systems">Peregrine Systems</a>†</li>

<li><a href="RLX_Technologies" title="RLX Technologies">RLX Technologies</a></li>

<li><a href="Scitex_Vision" title="Scitex Vision">Scitex Vision</a></li>

<li><a href="Snapfish" title="Snapfish">Snapfish</a></li>

<li><a href="Stratavia" title="Stratavia">Stratavia</a></li>

<li><a href="Teradici" title="Teradici">Teradici</a></li>

<li><a href="TOWER_Software" title="TOWER Software">TOWER Software</a></li>

<li><a href="Verifone" title="Verifone">Verifone</a>†</li>

<li><a href="Vertica" title="Vertica">Vertica</a>†</li>

<li><a href="VoodooPC" title="VoodooPC">VoodooPC</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Spin-offs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Agilent_Technologies" title="Agilent Technologies">Agilent Technologies</a></li>

<li><a href="DXC_Technology" title="DXC Technology">DXC Technology</a></li>

<li><a href="Hewlett_Packard_Enterprise" title="Hewlett Packard Enterprise">Hewlett Packard Enterprise</a></li>

<li><a href="Keysight" title="Keysight">Keysight Technologies</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="HP_Color_Recovery" title="HP Color Recovery">Color Recovery</a></li>

<li><a href="Encompass" title="Encompass">Encompass</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Hewlett-Packard_Journal" title="Hewlett-Packard Journal">Hewlett-Packard Journal</a></i></li>

<li><a href="HP-Interex" title="HP-Interex">HP-Interex</a></li>

<li><a href="Rules_of_the_garage" title="Rules of the garage">Rules of the garage</a></li>

<li><a href="Hewlett-Packard_spying_scandal" title="Hewlett-Packard spying scandal">Spying scandal</a></li>

<li><a href="Mission%3A_Space" title="Mission: Space">Mission: SPACE</a></li>

<li><a href="PC_LOAD_LETTER" title="PC LOAD LETTER">PC LOAD LETTER</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>

<ul><li>Asterisk (*) denotes product lines continued by <a href="HP_Inc." title="HP Inc.">HP Inc.</a></li>

<li>Double asterisk (**) denotes product lines and companies now property of <a href="Hewlett_Packard_Enterprise" title="Hewlett Packard Enterprise">Hewlett Packard Enterprise</a></li>

<li>Dagger (†) denotes assets or companies divested and sold off</li></ul>

<ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Template"></span></span> Hewlett Packard Enterprise</li>

<li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Template"></span></span> Compaq</li>

<li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Template"></span></span> HP calculators</li>

<li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Template"></span></span> HP software</li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Processor_technologies439" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Processor_technologies439" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Processor_(computing)" title="Processor (computing)">Processor technologies</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Model_of_computation" title="Model of computation">Models</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Abstract_machine" title="Abstract machine">Abstract machine</a></li>

<li><a href="Stored-program_computer" title="Stored-program computer">Stored-program computer</a></li>

<li><a href="Finite-state_machine" title="Finite-state machine">Finite-state machine</a>

<ul><li><a href="Finite-state_machine_with_datapath" class="mw-redirect" title="Finite-state machine with datapath">with datapath</a></li>

<li><a href="Hierarchical_state_machine" class="mw-redirect" title="Hierarchical state machine">Hierarchical</a></li>

<li><a href="Deterministic_finite_automaton" title="Deterministic finite automaton">Deterministic finite automaton</a></li>

<li><a href="Queue_automaton" title="Queue automaton">Queue automaton</a></li>

<li><a href="Cellular_automaton" title="Cellular automaton">Cellular automaton</a></li>

<li><a href="Quantum_cellular_automaton" title="Quantum cellular automaton">Quantum cellular automaton</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Turing_machine" title="Turing machine">Turing machine</a>

<ul><li><a href="Alternating_Turing_machine" title="Alternating Turing machine">Alternating Turing machine</a></li>

<li><a href="Universal_Turing_machine" title="Universal Turing machine">Universal</a></li>

<li><a href="Post%E2%80%93Turing_machine" title="Post–Turing machine">Post–Turing</a></li>

<li><a href="Quantum_Turing_machine" title="Quantum Turing machine">Quantum</a></li>

<li><a href="Nondeterministic_Turing_machine" title="Nondeterministic Turing machine">Nondeterministic Turing machine</a></li>

<li><a href="Probabilistic_Turing_machine" title="Probabilistic Turing machine">Probabilistic Turing machine</a></li>

<li><a href="Hypercomputation" title="Hypercomputation">Hypercomputation</a></li>

<li><a href="Zeno_machine" title="Zeno machine">Zeno machine</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="History_of_general-purpose_CPUs#Belt_machine_architecture" title="History of general-purpose CPUs">Belt machine</a></li>

<li><a href="Stack_machine" title="Stack machine">Stack machine</a></li>

<li><a href="Register_machine" title="Register machine">Register machines</a>

<ul><li><a href="Counter_machine" title="Counter machine">Counter</a></li>

<li><a href="Pointer_machine" title="Pointer machine">Pointer</a></li>

<li><a href="Random-access_machine" title="Random-access machine">Random-access</a></li>

<li><a href="Random-access_stored-program_machine" title="Random-access stored-program machine">Random-access stored program</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Computer_architecture" title="Computer architecture">Architecture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Microarchitecture" title="Microarchitecture">Microarchitecture</a></li>

<li><a href="Von_Neumann_architecture" title="Von Neumann architecture">Von Neumann</a></li>

<li><a href="Harvard_architecture" title="Harvard architecture">Harvard</a>

<ul><li><a href="Modified_Harvard_architecture" title="Modified Harvard architecture">modified</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Dataflow_architecture" title="Dataflow architecture">Dataflow</a></li>

<li><a href="Transport_triggered_architecture" title="Transport triggered architecture">Transport-triggered</a></li>

<li><a href="Cellular_architecture" title="Cellular architecture">Cellular</a></li>

<li><a href="Endianness" title="Endianness">Endianness</a></li>

<li><a href="Computer_data_storage" title="Computer data storage">Memory access</a>

<li><a href="Load%E2%80%93store_architecture" title="Load–store architecture">Load–store</a></li>

<li><a href="Register%E2%80%93memory_architecture" title="Register–memory architecture">Register/memory</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Cache_hierarchy" title="Cache hierarchy">Cache hierarchy</a></li>

<li><a href="Memory_hierarchy" title="Memory hierarchy">Memory hierarchy</a>

<ul><li><a href="Virtual_memory" title="Virtual memory">Virtual memory</a></li>

<li><a href="Secondary_storage" class="mw-redirect" title="Secondary storage">Secondary storage</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Heterogeneous_System_Architecture" title="Heterogeneous System Architecture">Heterogeneous</a></li>

<li><a href="Fabric_computing" title="Fabric computing">Fabric</a></li>

<li><a href="Multiprocessing" title="Multiprocessing">Multiprocessing</a></li>

<li><a href="Cognitive_computing" title="Cognitive computing">Cognitive</a></li>

<li><a href="Neuromorphic_engineering" class="mw-redirect" title="Neuromorphic engineering">Neuromorphic</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Instruction_set_architecture" title="Instruction set architecture">Instruction set<br>architectures</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Orthogonal_instruction_set" title="Orthogonal instruction set">Orthogonal instruction set</a></li>

<li><a href="Application-specific_instruction_set_processor" title="Application-specific instruction set processor">Application-specific</a></li>

<ul><li><a href="TRIPS_architecture" title="TRIPS architecture">TRIPS</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="VISC_architecture" title="VISC architecture">VISC architecture</a></li>

<li><a href="Quantum_computing" title="Quantum computing">Quantum computing</a></li>

<li><a href="Comparison_of_instruction_set_architectures" title="Comparison of instruction set architectures">Comparison</a>

<ul><li><a href="Addressing_mode" title="Addressing mode">Addressing modes</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Instruction<br>sets</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Motorola_68000_series" title="Motorola 68000 series">Motorola 68000 series</a></li>

<li><a href="Stanford_MIPS" title="Stanford MIPS">Stanford MIPS</a></li>

<li>Power

<ul><li><a href="IBM_POWER_architecture" title="IBM POWER architecture">POWER</a></li>

<li><a href="PowerPC" title="PowerPC">PowerPC</a></li>

<li><a href="Power_ISA" title="Power ISA">Power ISA</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Clipper_architecture" title="Clipper architecture">Clipper architecture</a></li>

<li><a href="SPARC" title="SPARC">SPARC</a></li>

<li><a href="SuperH" title="SuperH">SuperH</a></li>

<li><a href="DEC_Alpha" title="DEC Alpha">DEC Alpha</a></li>

<li><a href="ETRAX_CRIS" title="ETRAX CRIS">ETRAX CRIS</a></li>

<li><a href="Unicore" title="Unicore">Unicore</a></li>

<li><a href="IA-64" title="IA-64">Itanium</a></li>

<li><a href="OpenRISC" title="OpenRISC">OpenRISC</a></li>

<li><a href="MicroBlaze" title="MicroBlaze">MicroBlaze</a></li>

<li>System/3x0

<li><a href="Z/Architecture" title="Z/Architecture">z/Architecture</a></li></ul></li>

<li>Tilera ISA</li>

<li><a href="VISC_architecture" title="VISC architecture">VISC architecture</a></li>

<li><a href="Adapteva" class="mw-redirect" title="Adapteva">Epiphany architecture</a></li>

<li><a href="Comparison_of_instruction_set_architectures" title="Comparison of instruction set architectures">Others</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Instruction_cycle" title="Instruction cycle">Execution</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Instruction_pipelining" title="Instruction pipelining">Instruction pipelining</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Pipeline_stall" title="Pipeline stall">Pipeline stall</a></li>

<li><a href="Operand_forwarding" title="Operand forwarding">Operand forwarding</a></li>

<li><a href="Classic_RISC_pipeline" title="Classic RISC pipeline">Classic RISC pipeline</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Hazard_(computer_architecture)" title="Hazard (computer architecture)">Hazards</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Data_dependency" title="Data dependency">Data dependency</a></li>

<li><a href="Structural_hazard" class="mw-redirect" title="Structural hazard">Structural</a></li>

<li><a href="Control_hazard" class="mw-redirect" title="Control hazard">Control</a></li>

<li><a href="False_sharing" title="False sharing">False sharing</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Out-of-order_execution" title="Out-of-order execution">Out-of-order</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Scoreboarding" title="Scoreboarding">Scoreboarding</a></li>

<li><a href="Tomasulo's_algorithm" title="Tomasulo's algorithm">Tomasulo's algorithm</a>

<ul><li><a href="Reservation_station" title="Reservation station">Reservation station</a></li>

<li><a href="Re-order_buffer" title="Re-order buffer">Re-order buffer</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Register_renaming" title="Register renaming">Register renaming</a></li>

<li><a href="Wide-issue" title="Wide-issue">Wide-issue</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Speculative_execution" title="Speculative execution">Speculative</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Branch_predictor" title="Branch predictor">Branch prediction</a></li>

<li><a href="Memory_dependence_prediction" title="Memory dependence prediction">Memory dependence prediction</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Parallel_computing" title="Parallel computing">Parallelism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Level</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Bit-serial_architecture" title="Bit-serial architecture">Bit-serial</a></li>

<li><a href="Instruction-level_parallelism" title="Instruction-level parallelism">Instruction</a></li>

<li><a href="Instruction_pipelining" title="Instruction pipelining">Pipelining</a>

<ul><li><a href="Scalar_processor" title="Scalar processor">Scalar</a></li>

<li><a href="Superscalar_processor" title="Superscalar processor">Superscalar</a></li></ul></li>

<ul><li><a href="Thread_(computing)" title="Thread (computing)">Thread</a></li>

<li><a href="Process_(computing)" title="Process (computing)">Process</a></li></ul></li>

<ul><li><a href="Vector_processor" title="Vector processor">Vector</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Memory-level_parallelism" title="Memory-level parallelism">Memory</a></li>

<li><a href="Distributed_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Distributed architecture">Distributed</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Multithreading_(computer_architecture)" title="Multithreading (computer architecture)">Multithreading</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Temporal_multithreading" title="Temporal multithreading">Temporal</a></li>

<li><a href="Simultaneous_multithreading" title="Simultaneous multithreading">Simultaneous</a>

<ul><li><a href="Hyper-threading" title="Hyper-threading">Hyperthreading</a></li>

<li><a href="Simultaneous_and_heterogeneous_multithreading" title="Simultaneous and heterogeneous multithreading">Simultaneous and heterogenous</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Speculative_multithreading" title="Speculative multithreading">Speculative</a></li>

<li><a href="Preemption_(computing)" title="Preemption (computing)">Preemptive</a></li>

<li><a href="Cooperative_multitasking" title="Cooperative multitasking">Cooperative</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Flynn's_taxonomy" title="Flynn's taxonomy">Flynn's taxonomy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Single_instruction%2C_multiple_threads" title="Single instruction, multiple threads">Array processing (SIMT)</a></li>

<li><a href="Flynn's_taxonomy#Pipelined_processor" title="Flynn's taxonomy">Pipelined processing</a></li>

<li><a href="Flynn's_taxonomy#Associative_processor" title="Flynn's taxonomy">Associative processing</a></li>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Computer_performance" title="Computer performance">Processor<br>performance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Transistor_count" title="Transistor count">Transistor count</a></li>

<li><a href="Instructions_per_cycle" title="Instructions per cycle">Instructions per cycle</a> (IPC)

<ul><li><a href="Cycles_per_instruction" title="Cycles per instruction">Cycles per instruction</a> (CPI)</li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Instructions_per_second" title="Instructions per second">Instructions per second</a> (IPS)</li>

<li><a href="FLOPS" class="mw-redirect" title="FLOPS">Floating-point operations per second</a> (FLOPS)</li>

<li><a href="Transactions_per_second" title="Transactions per second">Transactions per second</a> (TPS)</li>

<li><a href="SUPS" title="SUPS">Synaptic updates per second</a> (SUPS)</li>

<li><a href="Performance_per_watt" title="Performance per watt">Performance per watt</a> (PPW)</li>

<li><a href="Cache_performance_measurement_and_metric" title="Cache performance measurement and metric">Cache performance metrics</a></li>

<li><a href="Computer_performance_by_orders_of_magnitude" title="Computer performance by orders of magnitude">Computer performance by orders of magnitude</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Processor_(computing)" title="Processor (computing)">Types</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Central_processing_unit" title="Central processing unit">Central processing unit</a> (CPU)</li>

<li><a href="Graphics_processing_unit" title="Graphics processing unit">Graphics processing unit</a> (GPU)

<ul><li><a href="General-purpose_computing_on_graphics_processing_units" title="General-purpose computing on graphics processing units">GPGPU</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Vector_processor" title="Vector processor">Vector</a></li>

<li><a href="Barrel_processor" title="Barrel processor">Barrel</a></li>

<li><a href="Stream_processing" title="Stream processing">Stream</a></li>

<li><a href="Tile_processor" title="Tile processor">Tile processor</a></li>

<li><a href="Coprocessor" title="Coprocessor">Coprocessor</a></li>

<li><a href="Multi-chip_module" title="Multi-chip module">Multi-chip module</a> (MCM)</li>

<li><a href="System_in_a_package" title="System in a package">System in a package</a> (SiP)</li>

<li><a href="Package_on_a_package" title="Package on a package">Package on a package</a> (PoP)</li></ul>

</div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By application</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Embedded_system" title="Embedded system">Embedded system</a></li>

<li><a href="Microprocessor" title="Microprocessor">Microprocessor</a></li>

<li><a href="Microcontroller" title="Microcontroller">Microcontroller</a></li>

<li><a href="Mobile_processor" title="Mobile processor">Mobile</a></li>

<li><a href="Ultra-low-voltage_processor" title="Ultra-low-voltage processor">Ultra-low-voltage</a></li>

<li><a href="Soft_microprocessor" title="Soft microprocessor">Soft microprocessor</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Systems<br>on chip</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="System_on_a_chip" title="System on a chip">System on a chip</a> (SoC)</li>

<li><a href="Multiprocessor_system_on_a_chip" class="mw-redirect" title="Multiprocessor system on a chip">Multiprocessor</a> (MPSoC)</li>

<li><a href="Cypress_PSoC" title="Cypress PSoC">Cypress PSoC</a></li>

<li><a href="Network_on_a_chip" title="Network on a chip">Network on a chip</a> (NoC)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Hardware_acceleration" title="Hardware acceleration">Hardware<br>accelerators</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Coprocessor" title="Coprocessor">Coprocessor</a></li>

<li><a href="AI_accelerator" class="mw-redirect" title="AI accelerator">AI accelerator</a></li>

<li><a href="Graphics_processing_unit" title="Graphics processing unit">Graphics processing unit</a> (GPU)</li>

<li><a href="Image_processor" title="Image processor">Image processor</a></li>

<li><a href="Vision_processing_unit" title="Vision processing unit">Vision processing unit</a> (VPU)</li>

<li><a href="Physics_processing_unit" title="Physics processing unit">Physics processing unit</a> (PPU)</li>

<li><a href="Digital_signal_processor" title="Digital signal processor">Digital signal processor</a> (DSP)</li>

<li><a href="Tensor_Processing_Unit" title="Tensor Processing Unit">Tensor Processing Unit</a> (TPU)</li>

<li><a href="Secure_cryptoprocessor" title="Secure cryptoprocessor">Secure cryptoprocessor</a></li>

<li><a href="Network_processor" title="Network processor">Network processor</a></li>

<li><a href="Baseband_processor" title="Baseband processor">Baseband processor</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Word_(computer_architecture)" title="Word (computer architecture)">Word size</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Bit_slicing" title="Bit slicing">bit slicing</a></li>

<li><a href="Word_(computer_architecture)#Table_of_word_sizes" title="Word (computer architecture)">others</a>

<ul><li><a href="Word_(computer_architecture)#Variable-word_architectures" title="Word (computer architecture)">variable</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Core count</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Single-core" title="Single-core">Single-core</a></li>

<li><a href="Multi-core_processor" title="Multi-core processor">Multi-core</a></li>

<li><a href="Manycore_processor" title="Manycore processor">Manycore</a></li>

<li><a href="Heterogeneous_computing" title="Heterogeneous computing">Heterogeneous architecture</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Components</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Cache_(computing)" title="Cache (computing)">Cache</a>

<ul><li><a href="CPU_cache" title="CPU cache">CPU cache</a></li>

<li><a href="Scratchpad_memory" title="Scratchpad memory">Scratchpad memory</a></li>

<li><a href="Data_cache" class="mw-redirect" title="Data cache">Data cache</a></li>

<li><a href="Instruction_cache" class="mw-redirect" title="Instruction cache">Instruction cache</a></li>

<li><a href="Cache_replacement_policies" title="Cache replacement policies">replacement policies</a></li>

<li><a href="Cache_coherence" title="Cache coherence">coherence</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Clock_rate" title="Clock rate">Clock rate</a></li>

<li><a href="Clock_signal" title="Clock signal">Clock signal</a></li>

</div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Execution_unit" title="Execution unit">Functional<br>units</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Arithmetic_logic_unit" title="Arithmetic logic unit">Arithmetic logic unit</a> (ALU)</li>

<li><a href="Address_generation_unit" title="Address generation unit">Address generation unit</a> (AGU)</li>

<li><a href="Floating-point_unit" title="Floating-point unit">Floating-point unit</a> (FPU)</li>

<li><a href="Memory_management_unit" title="Memory management unit">Memory management unit</a> (MMU)

<ul><li><a href="Load%E2%80%93store_unit" title="Load–store unit">Load–store unit</a></li>

<li><a href="Translation_lookaside_buffer" title="Translation lookaside buffer">Translation lookaside buffer</a> (TLB)</li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Branch_predictor" title="Branch predictor">Branch predictor</a></li>

<li><a href="Branch_target_predictor" title="Branch target predictor">Branch target predictor</a></li>

<li><a href="Memory_controller" title="Memory controller">Integrated memory controller</a> (IMC)

<ul><li><a href="Memory_management_unit" title="Memory management unit">Memory management unit</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Instruction_decoder" class="mw-redirect" title="Instruction decoder">Instruction decoder</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Logic_gate" title="Logic gate">Logic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Combinational_logic" title="Combinational logic">Combinational</a></li>

<li><a href="Sequential_logic" title="Sequential logic">Sequential</a></li>

<li><a href="Logic_gate" title="Logic gate">Logic gate</a>

<ul><li><a href="Quantum_logic_gate" title="Quantum logic gate">Quantum</a></li>

<li><a href="Gate_array" title="Gate array">Array</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Hardware_register" title="Hardware register">Registers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Processor_register" title="Processor register">Processor register</a></li>

<li><a href="Status_register" title="Status register">Status register</a></li>

<li><a href="Stack_register" title="Stack register">Stack register</a></li>

<li><a href="Register_file" title="Register file">Register file</a></li>

<li><a href="Memory_buffer_register" title="Memory buffer register">Memory buffer</a></li>

<li><a href="Memory_address_register" title="Memory address register">Memory address register</a></li>

<li><a href="Program_counter" title="Program counter">Program counter</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Control_unit" title="Control unit">Control unit</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Hardwired_control_unit" class="mw-redirect" title="Hardwired control unit">Hardwired control unit</a></li>

<li><a href="Instruction_unit" title="Instruction unit">Instruction unit</a></li>

<li><a href="Data_buffer" title="Data buffer">Data buffer</a></li>

<li><a href="Write_buffer" title="Write buffer">Write buffer</a></li>

<li><a href="Microcode" title="Microcode">Microcode</a> <a href="ROM_image" title="ROM image">ROM</a></li>

<li><a href="Counter_(digital)" title="Counter (digital)">Counter</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Datapath" title="Datapath">Datapath</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Multiplexer" title="Multiplexer">Multiplexer</a></li>

<li><a href="Demultiplexer" class="mw-redirect" title="Demultiplexer">Demultiplexer</a></li>

<li><a href="Adder_(electronics)" title="Adder (electronics)">Adder</a></li>

<li><a href="Binary_multiplier" title="Binary multiplier">Multiplier</a>

<li><a href="Binary_decoder" title="Binary decoder">Binary decoder</a>

<ul><li><a href="Address_decoder" title="Address decoder">Address decoder</a></li>

<li><a href="Sum-addressed_decoder" title="Sum-addressed decoder">Sum-addressed decoder</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Barrel_shifter" title="Barrel shifter">Barrel shifter</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Electronic_circuit" title="Electronic circuit">Circuitry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Integrated_circuit" title="Integrated circuit">Integrated circuit</a>

<li><a href="Mixed-signal_integrated_circuit" title="Mixed-signal integrated circuit">Mixed-signal</a></li>

<li><a href="Power_management_integrated_circuit" title="Power management integrated circuit">Power management</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Boolean_circuit" title="Boolean circuit">Boolean</a></li>

<li><a href="Circuit_(computer_science)" title="Circuit (computer science)">Digital</a></li>

<li><a href="Analogue_electronics" title="Analogue electronics">Analog</a></li>

<li><a href="Quantum_circuit" title="Quantum circuit">Quantum</a></li>

<li><a href="Switch#Electronic_switches" title="Switch">Switch</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Power_management" title="Power management">Power<br>management</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Dynamic_frequency_scaling" title="Dynamic frequency scaling">Dynamic frequency scaling</a></li>

<li><a href="Dynamic_voltage_scaling" title="Dynamic voltage scaling">Dynamic voltage scaling</a></li>

<li><a href="Clock_gating" title="Clock gating">Clock gating</a></li>

<li><a href="Performance_per_watt" title="Performance per watt">Performance per watt</a> (PPW)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="History_of_general-purpose_CPUs" title="History of general-purpose CPUs">History of general-purpose CPUs</a></li>

<li><a href="Microprocessor_chronology" title="Microprocessor chronology">Microprocessor chronology</a></li>

<li><a href="Processor_design" title="Processor design">Processor design</a></li>

<li><a href="Digital_electronics" title="Digital electronics">Digital electronics</a></li>

<li><a href="Hardware_security_module" title="Hardware security module">Hardware security module</a></li>

<li><a href="Semiconductor_device_fabrication" title="Semiconductor device fabrication">Semiconductor device fabrication</a></li>

<li><a href="Tick%E2%80%93tock_model" title="Tick–tock model">Tick–tock model</a></li>

<li><a href="Pin_grid_array" title="Pin grid array">Pin grid array</a></li>

<li><a href="Chip_carrier" title="Chip carrier">Chip carrier</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2025-08-04" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=PA-RISC&oldid=1304146487">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

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